Albert Einstein (14 March 1879–18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist who is widely regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20th century. He put forward the theory of relativity and also contributed greatly to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology.
He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his service to Theoretical Physics". After the general theory of relativity was formulated, Einstein became world-famous, an unusual achievement for a scientist.
In his old age, his fame surpassed the fame of all scientists in history, and in popular culture, the word Einstein was considered to be synonymous with intelligence or even genius. His face is one of the most recognized in the whole world. In 1999, Einstein was named "The Person of the Century" by Time magazine.
Its popularity also led to the name "Einstein" being used widely in advertisements and other merchandise, and eventually "Albert Einstein" was registered as a trademark. To appreciate it, a unit in photochemistry is named einstein, a chemical element is named einsteinium, and an asteroid is named 2001 Einstein.
Biography
1. Youth and university
Einstein was born in Ulm in Württemberg, Germany; about 100 km east of Stuttgart. His father was named Hermann Einstein, a fur bed salesman who later took up electrochemical work, and his mother was named Pauline.
They married in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Their family is of Jewish descent; Albert was sent to a Catholic school and at the wish of his mother he was given violin lessons.
At the age of five, his father showed him a pocket compass, and Einstein realized that something in this "empty" space was acting on the needle in the compass; he went on to describe this experience as one of the most moving times of his life.
Although he made models and mechanical devices as a hobby, he was considered a slow learner, possibly due to dyslexia, shyness, or rare and unusual structures in his brain (studied after his death).
As a child, Albert Einstein appeared retarded because his speech was too late. Quiet character and likes to play alone. In November 1981, his younger sister was born, who was named Maja. Until the age of seven, Albert Einstein was angry and threw things, including at his younger brother.
His interest and love for physics emerged at the age of five. When he was lying weak due to illness, his father presented him with a compass. Little Albert was fascinated by the magic of the compass, so he made up his mind to open the veil of mystery that envelops the majesty and greatness of nature.
Even though he was quiet and didn't like to play with his friends, Albert Einstein was still able to do well in school. His report card was good and he won the class. Apart from attending school and pursuing science, Albert's only activities are playing music and playing a duet with his mother playing Mozart and Beethoven.
Albert spent his university years at ETH (Eidgenoessische Technische Hochscule). At the age of 21, Albert passed. After graduating, Albert attempted to apply for a job as a teaching assistant but was refused.
Finally, Albert got a temporary job as a teacher in high school. Then he got a job at the patent office in the City of Bern. During this time Albert continued to develop his physics.
He was later given an award for his theory of relativity because of this slowness and said that by thinking about space and time from other children, he was able to develop more developed intelligence. Another opinion, developing recently, about his mental development is that he has Asperger's Syndrome, a condition related to autism.
Einstein began studying mathematics at the age of twelve. There are rumors that he failed mathematics in his education, but this is not true; reimbursement in appraisal left confused the following year. Her two uncles helped develop her interest in the intellectual world in her late childhood and early adolescence by providing suggestions and books on science and mathematics.
In 1894, due to the failure of his father's electrochemical business, Einstein moved from Munich to Pavia, Italy (near Milan). Albert stayed behind to finish school, finishing a semester before rejoining his family in Pavia.
His failure in the liberal arts in the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule entrance test (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, in Zurich) the following year was a step back; he was sent by his family to Aarau, Switzerland, to finish high school, where he received a diploma in 1896. , Einstein enrolled several times at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. The following year he renounced his Württemberg citizenship and became stateless.
In 1898, Einstein met and fell in love with Mileva Maric, a Serb who was a classmate (also a friend of Nikola Tesla). In 1900, he was awarded a teaching degree by the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule and accepted as a Swiss citizen in 1901.
During this time Einstein discussed his interest in science with close friends, including Mileva. He and Mileva had a daughter named Lieserl, born in January 1902. Lieserl, at that time, was considered illegal because her parents were not married.
2. Work and Doctoral Degrees
At the time of his graduation Einstein could not find a teaching job, his frenzy as a young person easily made his professors angry. The father of a classmate helped him find a job as an assistant technical examiner at the Swiss Patent Office in 1902.
There, Einstein assessed the inventor's patent application for a device that required knowledge of physics. He also learned to recognize the importance of applications over poor explanations, and learned from the director how to "explain himself right."
He sometimes corrects their designs and also evaluates the practicality of their work. Einstein married Mileva on January 6, 1903. Einstein's marriage to Mileva, a mathematician, was a personal companion and intelligence; On May 14, 1904, the couple's first child, Hans Albert Einstein, was born.
In 1904, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent. He earned his doctorate after submitting his thesis "Eine Neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("On a new determination of molecular dimensions") in 1905 from the University of Zurich.
1905 was a year full of achievements for Albert because this year he produced brilliant works. The following are the works:
March: paper on the application of equipartition to radiation events, this paper is an introduction to the quantum hypothesis of light based on Boltzmann's statistics. It is the explanation of the photoelectric effect in this paper that won him the Nobel Prize in 1922.
April: his doctoral dissertation on the new determination of molecular sizes. Einstein obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich.
May: his paper on Brownian motion.
June: His famous paper on the theory of special relativity was published by Annalen der Physik with the title Electrodynamics of moving objects.
September: continuation of his June paper which concluded his famous formula: E = mc2, namely that the mass of an object (m) is a measure of its energy content (E). c is the speed of light in a vacuum (c >> 300 thousand kilometers per second).
Masses have the equivalent of energy, a fact that opens up opportunities for the development of nuclear power projects in the future. One gram of mass is thus equivalent to the energy that can supply the electricity needs of 3000 houses (900 watts power) for a full year, an enormous amount of energy.
In the same year, he wrote four articles that provide the basis of modern physics, without much scientific literature on he can appoint or have many colleagues in science with whom he can discuss his theory.
Many physicists agree that all three theses (on Brownian motion), the photoelectric effect, and special relativity) deserve Nobel Prizes. But only the thesis on the photoelectric effect won the award. This is an irony, not only because Einstein knew more about relativity, but also because the photoelectric effect is a quantum phenomenon, and Einstein became free from the streets in quantum theory.
What makes his thesis extraordinary is that, in each case, Einstein confidently took ideas from theoretical physics to logical consequences and succeeded in explaining experimental results that had baffled scientists for decades.
He submitted his theses to "Annalen der Physik". They are usually referred to as "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (from Latin: Extraordinary years). The Union for Pure Physics and Applications (IUPAP) planned to celebrate 100 years of publication of Einstein's work in 1905 as the Year of Physics in 2005.
3. The Brownian Movement
In its first article in 1905 called "On the Motion — Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat — of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid ", includes research on the Brownian movement.
Using the then-controversial kinetic theory of fluids, he established that phenomena, which still lacked a satisfactory explanation for decades after they were first observed, provide empirical evidence (based on observations and experiments) of the reality of atoms. And also lend credence to statistical mechanics, which at that time was also controversial.
Before this thesis, the atom was known as a useful concept, but physicists and chemists argued heatedly whether the atom was a real object. Einstein's statistical discussion of atomic behavior gave the experimenter a way to count atoms simply by looking through an ordinary microscope.
Wilhelm Ostwald, a leader of the anti-atomic school, later told Arnold Sommerfeld that he had converted to Einstein's complete explanation of the Brownian movement.
In 1909, Albert Einstein was appointed professor at the University of Zurich. In 1915, he completed both his theories of relativity. The highest award for his hard work since childhood paid off with the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics. Also, Albert also developed quantum theory and unified theory field.
In 1933, Albert and his family moved to the United States fearing that his scientific activities - both as a teacher and as a researcher - would be disrupted. In 1941, he took the oath as a citizen of the United States.
Because of his fame and sincerity in helping others in trouble, Albert was offered to become president Israel's second. However, he rejected this position because he felt he did not have competence in that field. Finally, on April 18, 1955, Albert Einstein died leaving behind a major work that has changed world history.
Despite this, Albert had cried heartily because his great work - the general and special theory of relativity - was used as inspiration for making the atomic bomb. This bomb was dropped on the cities of Hiroshim and Nagasaki during World War II.
Reference:
http://id.wikipedia.org
http://stevyhanny.blogspot.com