Sir Isaac Newton was a physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and chemist who came from England. He is also the greatest and most influential scientist who has ever lived in the world, born in Woolsthrope, England, Monday
Christmas 1642, the year Galileo died. Like the Prophet Muhammad, he was born after his father died. He was a heliocentric follower and scientist who was very influential throughout history, even said to be the father of physics modern.
Early days Isaac Newton
Newton was born in the town of Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in county Lincolnshire born prematurely, at which time premature babies were not expected to have a presence in the world. His father, Isaac, died three months before Newton's birth, and two years later his mother, Hannah Ayscough Newton, married another man and left Newton with her grandmother. Newton is a smart kid.
According to the statements of ET Bell (1937, Simon and Schuster) and H. Eves:
Newton started school while living with his grandmother in the village and was then sent to a language school in the Grantham area where he eventually became the smartest kid in his school. While attending school at Grantham he lived in a boarding house owned by a local pharmacist named William Clarke.
Before continuing his studies at Cambridge University at the age of 19, Newton had a chance to have a relationship with William Clarke's adopted sister, Anne Storer.
As Newton focused on his studies, his love story became increasingly erratic and Storer eventually married someone else. Many claims that he, Newton, always reminisced about his love story even though there was no mention of Newton having a lover and even getting married.
From the age of 12 to 17 years, Newton attended The Kings School, located in Grantham (his signature is still in the school library). His family expelled Newton from school with the excuse that he was just a farmer, however, Newton seemed not to like his new job.
But in the end, after convincing his family and mother with the help of his uncle and teacher, Newton was able to finish school at the age of 18 with satisfactory grades.
As a young boy, he had shown real prowess in mechanics and was extremely dexterous with his hands. Even though a child with a bright brain, at school he seems reluctant and doesn't attract much attention. When he reached puberty, his mother took him out of school in the hope that his son would become a good farmer. Fortunately, the mother was persuaded that her main talents did not lie there.
At the age of eighteen, he entered Cambridge University. It was here that Newton quickly absorbed what became known as science and mathematics and quickly began his investigations. Between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-seven, he laid the foundations for a theory of science which in turn changed the world.
The middle of the 17th century was the period of the seeding of science. The discovery of binoculars near the beginning of the century revolutionized all opinions regarding astrology.
The British philosopher Francis Bacon and the French philosopher Rene Descartes both called on scientists throughout Europe not to rely on Aristotle's power anymore, but to carry out experiments and research based on their starting points and needs.
What was suggested by Bacon and Descartes, has been put into practice by the great Galileo? The use of binoculars, Newton's discoveries of astronomical research, revolutionized the investigation of the field, and his work in the mechanic's sector resulted in what is now known as Newton's first "Law of motion".
With the various scientific work he achieved, Newton wrote a book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which the book describes the theory of gravity in general, based on the laws of motion he discovered, where objects will be pulled down due to the force of gravity.
In collaboration with Gottfried Leibniz, Newton developed the theory of calculus. Newton was the first to explain the theory of motion and played an important role in formulating circular motion from Kepler's law, where Newton expanded the law by assuming that a circular motion orbit does not always have to be perfectly circular (such as ellipses, hyperboles, and parabolas).
Newton discovered the color spectrum when experimenting with passing white light on a prism, he also believed that light is a collection of particles. Newton also developed the law of cooling derived from binomial theory and discovered a principle of momentum and angular momentum.
The opinion of the head of the Berlin Academy of Sciences about Newton: "Newton was the greatest ever and luckiest genius we could find more than a world system to establish." [See Shapley.]
Other great scientists, such as William Harvey, the discoverer of blood circulation, and Johannes Kepler who discovered the motion of the planets around the sun, presented very basic information to scholars. Even so, pure science is still a favorite of intellectuals, and it has yet to be proven - when used in technology - that science can change the basic pattern of human life as predicted by Francis Bacon.
Although Copernicus and Galileo have sidled over some digressing assumptions about ancient knowledge and have provided a fuller understanding of the universe, not a single carefully formulated premise is capable of distorting the heap of baseless and mundane notions and arranging them in a way.
The theory allowed the development of more scientific predictions. None other than Isaac Newton was the person who was able to present a neatly summarized collection of theories and laid the first stone of modern science, which is now becoming the role of people.
Newton himself was rather reluctant to publish and announce his discoveries. The basic ideas had been drafted long before 1669 but many of his theories were not known to the public until many years afterward.
The first publication of his discoveries was concerned with overturning the old assumptions about the things of light. In a series of careful experiments, Newton discovered the fact that what people commonly call "white light" is nothing but a mixture of all the colors contained in the rainbow.
And he also very carefully analyzed the consequences of the laws of reflection and refraction of light. Adhering to this law, he - in 1668 - designed and at the same time built the first reflecting binoculars, the binoculars model used by most investigators of the stars today.
This discovery, together with the results he had obtained in the field of optical experiments which he had already demonstrated, was presented by him to the British royal research institute when he was twenty-nine years old.
Newton's success in the field of optics alone may be sufficient to put Newton in the order of this book list. Meanwhile, there were less important discoveries in the realm of pure mathematics and mechanics.
His greatest dedication to mathematics was his discovery of the "integral calculus" which he might solve when he was twenty-three or twenty-four years old. This discovery is the most important work in the field of modern mathematics.
It is not only like the seed from which the theory of modern mathematics grows, but also the inevitable furnishings without which the advancement of modern knowledge which follows would be impossible. Even if Newton did nothing else, the discovery of his "integral calculus" alone was sufficient to lead him to a high ladder in the order of this book.
But Newton's most important discoveries were in the field of mechanics, knowledge about the movement of objects. Galileo was the discoverer of the first law which describes the motion of an object if it is not influenced by outside forces.
Of course, all objects are affected by external forces and the most important problem in mechanics is how the object moves in that state. This problem was solved by Newton in his second famous law of motion and can be regarded as the foremost law of classical physics.
The second law (expressed mathematically by the equation F = ma) states that the object's acceleration is equal to the net force divided by the object's mass. To these two laws, Newton added his famous third law of motion (asserting that every action, for example, physical force, has an equal and opposite reaction) and most famously made his discovery of the scientific rule of the law of universal gravity.
These four sets of laws, when combined, form a unified system applicable to the entire macro-mechanical system, from the oscillation of the pendulum to the motion of the planets in their observable and predictable orbits of the sun.
Newton not only established the laws of mechanics, but he also used the tools of mathematical calculus and showed that these fundamental formulas could be used for solving problems.
Newton's law can and has been used on a wide scale in the scientific field and the design field of various technical devices. In his lifetime, the most dramatic practice was in the field of astronomy. Even in this sector, Newton stands at the forefront.
In 1678 Newton published his famous book The principles of mathematics on natural philosophy (usually simply summarized as Principia). In that book, Newton put forward his theory about the law of gravity and the laws of motion.
He showed how these laws could be used to predict precisely the motions of the planets around the sun. The main problem of astronomical motions is how to predict the exact position and motion of the stars and planets, thus being completely resolved by Newton with just one stroke. For his works, Newton is often considered the greatest astronomer of all the greatest.
What is our assessment of Newton's scientific importance? If we browse through the index of the encyclopedia of science, we will find about Newton and his laws and discoveries two or three times as many as the case of any scientist.
Said the great scholar Leibniz, who was not at all close to Newton, was even involved in a heated argument: "Of all matters relating to mathematics from the developing world to the existence of Newton, it was this person who made the best contribution." Praise is also given by the great French scholar, Laplace: "Newton's Principia book is far above all the products of human genius in the world." And Language has often stated that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived.
Meanwhile, Ernst Mach in his writing in 1901 said, "All mathematical problems that have been solved since his lifetime are the basis of the development of mechanics based on Newton's laws."
This is perhaps Newton's most intricate of great discoveries: he found a vessel of separation between fact and law, capable of describing some miracles but not of much help to conjecture; it leaves us with a series of unified laws which can be used for problems of physics in a very broad scope of secrets and which contain the possibility of making correct guesses.
In such a brief description, it is impossible to give in detail the discoveries of Newton. As a result, many works that are somewhat less well-known have had to be put aside, even if they have significant meaning in terms of discovery in their problem areas.
Newton also made major contributions in the field of thermodynamics (the study of heat) and the field of acoustics (the science of sound). And he was also the one who presented clear explanations like crystals of the principles of physics regarding the "preservation" of the amount of motion so as not to be wasted and "preservation" of the amount of motion of something angular.
The queue of this discovery if you want to be extended again: Newton is the person who found the binomial proposition in mathematics that is very logical and can be justified. Want more? He was also, none other than, the first to reveal conclusively the origin of the stars.
Now, the problem is this: let's say Newton is the thumbs up scientist of all scientists who has ever lived on earth. Most sparkling like an emerald in the middle of a pile of river stones. Put it so.
However, there may be people who question what reason put Newton above the giant political figures such as Alexander the Great or George Washington and be named before major religious figures such as Prophet Isa or Buddha Gautama. Why should that be?
My consideration is this. Political changes are indeed important if not very important. Even so, however, in general, most of the humans lived almost not much difference between them in the era of five hundred years after Alexander died with them in the era of five hundred before Alexander emerged from his mother's womb.
In other words, the way humans lived in 1500 BC is arguably the same as the way of life of their great-grandparents in 1500 BC. Now, look from the point of view of the development of science. In the last five centuries, thanks to modern scientific discoveries, the way of everyday human life has undergone a major revolution.
The way to dress is different, the way to eat differently, the way to work, and the variety are different. The way of life is leisurely is not at all similar to what people did in 1500 after Christ. Scientific discoveries have not only revolutionized technology and economics but have also completely changed aspects of politics, religious thought, art, and philosophy.
Aspects of human life rarely remain "squatting in place" not being moved an inch away by the scientific revolution. This reason - once again this reason - is the reason why so many scientists and inventors of new ideas are listed in this booklist.
Newton is not only the most intelligent brain among the intelligent ranks of the brain, but at the same time, he is the most influential figure in the development of scientific theory. That is why he has the honor of being placed at the near top of the ranks of the most influential humans in human history. Newton, who died in 1727, was interred in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to receive such honor.
The greatest works by Newton
1. Method of Fluxions (1671)
2. De Motu Corporum (1684)
3. Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
4. Opticks (1704)
5. Reports as Master of the Mint (1701-1725)
6. Arithmetica Universalis (1707)
7. A Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture (1754)
reference:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton
http://www.googlebottle.com/tokoh-dunia/isaac-newton.html