The scientific method is a scientific process to acquire knowledge systematically based on physical evidence. Scientists make observations and form hypotheses in an attempt to explain a natural phenomenon. Predictions are made based on these hypotheses which are tested by conducting an experiment. If a hypothesis has been tested many times, it can become a scientific theory.
In general, the scientific method consists of several steps. The following are the steps in the scientific method.
Preliminary Observations
After determining the topic to be researched in a scientific project, the first step that must be taken in conducting a scientific project is conducting initial observations. This initial observation aims to collect all forms of information related to the research topic to be studied. Initial observations can be through experience on research topics, various sources of knowledge, consulting with experts related to the object of research.
The following is an example of the initial observation step:
- Take advantage of all kinds of references, such as books, journals, magazines, newspapers, internet, and so on.
- Gather information from related experts, such as instructors, researchers, engineers, doctors, and so on.
- Conduct various explorations related to scientific research topics.
Problem Identification
A problem in scientific research is a scientific question that must be solved. A problem in scientific research is stated in an open-ended question, namely a question with an answer in the form of a statement. In answering questions about problems in scientific research, it is not expected to have a "yes" or "no" answer.
The following is an example for identifying problems in scientific research:
- Limiting the problem as necessary so that the problem is not too broad.
- Choose an important and interesting problem to be researched.
- Choose a problem that can be solved by conducting experiments.
Formulating or Declaring a Hypothesis
Hypothesis is an idea or provisional estimate of the solution to a problem posed in scientific research. Hypotheses are formulated or stated before research on the topic of scientific research is carried out.
Therefore, the truth of the hypothesis needs to be tested further through careful research. Keep in mind, if the test results show that the hypothesis is not true, it does not mean that the research conducted is wrong.
Here's how to create a hypothesis:
- Using observation or experience as a basis for hypotheses.
- Formulate hypotheses before starting research or experiments.
Conducting Experiments
Experiments are carried out to test the hypotheses that have been made and proposed. In conducting experiments or research, must take into account all variables that affect the experiment. Variables that must be considered in conducting experiments are independent variables, dependent variables, and control variables.
The independent variable is a variable that can be changed freely. The dependent variable is the variable under study and its changes depend on the independent variable. The control variable is a variable that is maintained during the experiment or research.
The following are things that must be considered while conducting experiments:
- Try to have only one independent variable during the experiment or research.
- Keep conditions constant on the variables that are assumed to be constant.
- Do the experiment repeatedly to get varying results.
- Record the experimental results completely and carefully.
Concluding the Experimental Results
The conclusion of the research is a summary of the experimental results and a statement about the relationship between the experimental results and the hypothesis. The reasons for the experimental results that contradict the hypothesis are included. If it can be done, the conclusion can be concluded by giving thoughts for further research.
If the experimental results do not match the hypothesis, there are several things that must be done, namely as follows:
- Don't change the hypothesis.
- Don't ignore experimental results.
- Give a reasonable reason why it is not appropriate.
- Give possible ways that can be done next to find the cause of the discrepancy between the hypothesis and research results.
- If there is enough time, do the experiment one more time.
Hopefully this article will usefull to you.